Hey Everyone!

Today we’ll be talking about

• How CloudFlare Processes a Million Logs per Second

  • Over 20% of the internet uses CloudFlare for their CDN/DDoS protection so the company has to process a lot of traffic

  • Their logging system needs to ingest close to 1 million log lines every second with high availability

  • They use Kafka, the ELK stack and Clickhouse to build this

  • We’ll talk about each of these technologies and also delve into how their logging system works

• Tech Snippets

  • How Apple built iCloud to store billions of databases

  • Focusing on Impact by Andrew Bosworth (CTO of Meta)

  • Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years by Peter Norvig

  • A Curated List of Software Architecture Related Design Patterns

  • Things DBs Don’t Do - But Should

How Search Engines Work

Ever wonder how search engines like Google work? How do they analyze trillions of documents and quickly search for exact matches in a few hundred milliseconds?

If you’re curious, then Brilliant put out a fantastic course delving into building a Search Engine. 

Like all their other courses, it’s fully interactive with animations, hands-on graphics and detailed explanations on things like

• Web crawlers and extracting relevant information

• Building an index and querying it

• Algorithms for dealing with phrases and wildcards

And more.

Brilliant is a learning platform that has a huge amount of CS, math, science and statistics content.

They structure their lessons in bite-sized pieces, making it ideal for those short 10 minute breaks that you might otherwise waste on Instagram or Twitter.

With the link below, you can get a 30-day free trial to check it out. You’ll also get a 20% discount when you subscribe.

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How CloudFlare Processes Millions of Logs Per Second

Cloudflare is a tech company that provides services around content-delivery networks, domain registration, DDoS mitigation and much more.

You’ve probably seen one of their captcha pages when their DDoS protection service mistakenly flags you as a bot.

Or uhh, you might know them from a viral video last week where one of their employees secretly recorded them laying her off.

Over 20% of the internet uses Cloudflare for their CDN/DDoS protection, so the company obviously plays a massive role in ensuring the internet functions smoothly.

Last week, they published a really interesting blog post delving into the tech stack they use for their logging system. The system needs to ingest close to a million log lines every second with high availability.

 Colin Douch is a Tech Lead on the Observability team at CloudFlare and he wrote a fantastic post on their architecture.

We’ll be summarizing it and adding some context.

CloudFlare’s Tech Stack

We’ll start by going through all the major tech choices CloudFlare made and give a brief overview of each one.

Kafka

Apache Kafka is an open source event streaming platform (you use it to transfer messages between different components in your backend).

A Kafka system consists of producers, consumers and Kafka brokers. Backend services that publish messages to Kafka are producers, services that read/ingest messages are consumers. Brokers handle the transfer and help decouple the producers from the consumers.

Benefits of Kafka include

• Distributed - Kafka is built to be distributed and highly scalable. Kafka clusters can have hundreds of nodes and process millions of events per second. We previously talked about how PayPal scaled Kafka to 1.3 trillion messages per day.

• Configurable - it’s highly configurable so you can tune it to meet your requirements. Maybe you want super low latency and don’t mind if some messages are dropped. Or perhaps you need messages to be delivered exactly-once and always acknowledged by the recipient

• Fault Tolerant - Kafka can be configured to be extremely durable (store messages on disk and replicate them across multiple nodes) so you don’t have to worry about messages being lost

We published a deep dive on Kafka that you can read here.

Kafka Mirror Maker

If you’re a large company, you’ll have multiple data centers around the world where each might have its own Kafka cluster. Kafka MirrorMaker is an incredibly useful tool in the Kafka ecosystem that lets you replicate data between two or more Kafka clusters.

This way, you won’t get screwed if an AWS employee trips over a power cable in us-east-1.

ELK Stack

ELK (also known as the Elastic Stack) is an extremely popular stack for storing and analyzing log data.

It consists of three main open source tools:

• Elasticsearch - a fast, highly scalable full-text search database that’s based on Apache Lucene. The database provides a REST API and you create documents using JSON. It uses the inverted index data structure to index all your text files and quickly search through them. 

• Logstash - a data processing pipeline that you can use for ingesting data from different sources, transforming it and then loading it into a database (Elasticsearch in this case). You can apply different filters for cleaning data and checking it for correctness.

• Kibana - the visualization layer that sits on top of Elasticsearch. It offers a user-friendly dashboard for querying and visualizing the data stored in Elasticsearch. You can create graphs, get alerts, etc.

Clickhouse

ClickHouse is a distributed, open source database that was developed 10 years ago at Yandex (the Google of Russia) to power Metrica (a real-time analytics tool that’s similar to Google Analytics).

For some context, Yandex’s Metrica runs Clickhouse on a cluster of ~375 servers and they store over 20 trillion rows in the database (close to 20 petabytes of total data). So… it was designed with scale in mind.

Clickhouse is column-oriented with a significant emphasis on high write throughput and fast read operations. In order to minimize storage space (and enhance I/O efficiency), the database uses some clever compression techniques. It also supports a SQL-like query language to make it accessible to non-developers (BI analysts, etc.).

You can read about the architectural choices of ClickHouse here.

CloudFlare’s Logging Pipeline

In order to create logs, systems across Cloudflare use various logging libraries. These are language specific, so they use

• Zerolog for Go

• KJ_LOG for C++

• Log for Rust

And more. Engineers have flexibility with which logging libraries they want to use.

Cloudflare is running syslog-ng (a log daemon) on all their machines. This reads the logs and applies some rate limiting and rewriting rules (adding the name of the machine that emitted the log, the name of the data center the machine is in, etc.).

The daemon then wraps the log in a JSON wrapper and forwards it to Cloudflare’s Core data centers.

CloudFlare has two main core data centers with one in the US and another in Europe. For each machine in their backend, any generated logs are shipped to both data centers. They duplicate the data in order to achieve fault tolerance (so either data center can fail and they don’t lose logs).

In the data centers, the messages get routed to Kafka queues. The Kafka queues are kept synced across the US and Europe data centers using Kafka Mirror Maker so that full copies of all the logs are in each core data center.

Using Kafka provides several benefits

• Adding Consumers - If you want to add another backend service that reads in the logs and processes them, you can do that without changing the architecture. You just have to register the backend services as a new consumer group for the logs.

• Consumer outages - Kafka acts as a buffer and stores the logs for a period of several hours. If there’s an outage in one of the backend services that consumes the logs from Kafka, that service can be restarted and won’t lose any data (it’ll just pick back where it left off in Kafka). CloudFlare can tolerate up to 8 hours of total outage for any of their consumers without losing any data.

Storing Logs

For long-term storage of the logs, CloudFlare relies on two backends

• ELK Stack

• Clickhouse Cluster

ELK Stack

As we mentioned, ELK consists of ElasticSearch, Logstash and Kibana. Logstash is used for ingesting and transforming the logs. ElasticSearch is used for storing and retrieving them. Kibana is used for visualizing and monitoring them.

For ElasticSearch, CloudFlare has their cluster of 90 nodes split into different types

• Master nodes - These act as ElasticSearch masters and coordinate insertions into the cluster.

• Data nodes - These handle the actual insertion into an ElasticSearch node and storage

• HTTP nodes - These handle HTTP queries for reading logs

Clickhouse

CloudFlare has a 10 node Clickhouse cluster. At the moment, it serves as an alternative interface to the same logs that the ELK stack provides. However, CloudFlare is in the process of transitioning to Clickhouse as their primary storage.

For more details, read the full blog post here.

How To Remember Concepts from Quastor Articles

We go through a ton of engineering concepts in the Quastor summaries and tech dives.

In order to help you remember these concepts for your day to day job (or job interviews), I’m creating flash cards that summarize these core concepts from all the Quastor summaries and tech dives.

The flash cards are completely editable and are meant to be integrated in a Spaced-Repetition Program (Anki) so that you can easily remember the concepts forever.

This is an additional perk for Quastor Pro members in addition to the technical deep dive articles.

Quastor Pro is only $12 a month and you should be able to expense it with your job’s learning & development budget. Here’s an email you can send to your manager. Thanks for the support!

Dive Into Reinforcement Learning

If you were impressed by AlphaGo (DeepMind’s bot that mastered Go) or OpenAI’s Dota 2 bots, then you should take a look at Reinforcement Learning.

This is a branch of Machine Learning that delves into teaching agents how to behave in new environments using rewards.

If you’d like to learn more, Brilliant has an amazing course delving into Reinforcement Learning.

Like all the other Brilliant courses, it’s fully interactive with animations, hands-on graphics and detailed explanations on things like

• Estimating Value Functions

• Monte Carlo Methods applied to RL

• Policy Gradient Methods

And more.

Brilliant is a learning platform that has a huge amount of math, data science, computer science and ML content. Their content is structured as bite-sized lessons with tons of interactive animations, graphics and more.

This makes it really easy to build a daily learning habit with the Brilliant app, instead of wasting time on Instagram or Twitter.

With the link below, you can get a 30-day free trial to check it out. You’ll also get a 20% discount when you subscribe.

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Tech Snippets